SCORING IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS: WHEN IMAGING IS APPROPRIATE?
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a frequent presentation to the emergency departments with a rising incidence and a great variability in clinical severity and outcome. The aim of this review is to offer a succinct presentation on acute pancreatitis scoring systems and the use of different imaging methods in severity prediction: Ranson criteria, Glasgow criteria, Hong Kong Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), computed tomography scoring systems, Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score, Panc 3, Japanese Severity Score (JSS), Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score (HAPS), Pancreatitis Outcome Prediction (POP), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). This article also describes the Revised Atlanta Classification of AP (2012) and the correlation with computed tomography.
References
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24. Hamada T, Yasunaga H, Nakai Y, et al. Japanese severity score for acute pancreatitis predicts in-hospital mortality: a nationwide survey of 17,901 cases. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1384-1391.
25. Cho JH, Kim TN, Chung HH, Kim KH. Comparison of scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(8):2387–2394.
26. Delrue LJ, De Waele JJ, Duyck PO. Acute pancreatitis: radiologic scores in predicting severity and outcome. Abdom Imaging [Internet] 2010;35(3):349–361.
27. De Sanctis JT, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, et al. Prognostic indicators in acute pancreatitis: CT vs APACHE II. Clin Radiol 1997; 11: 842–848.
28. London NJ, Neoptolemos JP, Lavelle J, Bailey I, James D. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scanning and prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis: a prospective study. Br J Surg 1989; 3: 268–272.
29. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990; 2: 331–336.
30. Kaya E, Dervisoglu A, Polat C. Evaluation of diagnostic findings and scoring systems in outcome prediction in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 22: 3090–3094.
31. Mortele KJ, Wiesner W, Intriere L, et al. A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: improved correlation with patient outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 5: 1261–1265.
32. De Waele JJ, Delrue L, Hoste EA, et al. Extrapancreatic inflammation on abdominal computed to-mography as an early predictor of disease severity in acute pancreatitis—evaluation of a new scoring system. Pancreas 2007; 2: 185–190.
33. King NK, Powell JJ, Redhead D, Siriwardena AK. A simplified method for computed tomographic estimation of prognosis in acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 4: 433–436.
34. Ueda T, Takeyama Y, Yasuda T, et al. Simple scoring system for the prediction of the prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2007; 1: 51–58.
2. Spanier B, Bruno MJ, Dijkgraaf MG. Incidence and mortality of acute and chronic pancreatitis in the Netherlands: a nationwide record-like cohort study for the years 1995-2005. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3018-3026
3. Eland IA, Sturkenboom MC, van der Lei J, Wilson JH, Stricker BH. Incidence of acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 124-128.
4. McKay CJ, Imrie CW. The continuing challenge of early mortality in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 1243-1244.
5. Cavallini G, Frulloni L, Bassi C, Gabbrielli A, Castoldi L, Costamagna G, De Rai P, Di Carlo V, Falconi M, Pezzilli R, Uomo G. Prospective multicentre survey on acute pancreatitis in Italy (ProInf-AISP): results on 1005 patients. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36: 205-211.
6. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Swaroop S. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: manage-ment of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1400–1415.
7. Gloor B, Müller CA, Worni M, Martignoni ME, Uhl W, Büchler MW. Late mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 975-979.
8. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a sys-tematic review, Pancreas 2006; 33: 323-330.
9. Gallucci F, Uomo G. Defining disease severity: which score is best?, In:Testoni PA, Mariani A, Arcidiacono PG, (editors).Acute and chronic pancreatitis. New concepts and evidence-based ap-proaches, Turin: Edizione Minerva Medica; 2013, 17-22
10. Thoeni RF. The Revised Atlanta Classification of Acute Pancreatitis: Its Importance for the Radiologist and Its Effect on Treatment. Radiology 2012; 262(3): 751–764.
11. Sarr MG, Banks PA, Bollen TL, et al. Revision of the Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis Classification Workgroup, April 2008.
http://www.pancreasclub.com/resources/AtlantaClassification.
12. Bollen TL, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, van Es WH, Gooszen HG, van Leeuwen MS. Update on acute pancreatitis: ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic reso- nance imaging features. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2007;28(5):371–383.
13. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Roses DF, Fink SD, Eng K, Spencer FC. Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis. SurgGynecolObstet 1974;139:69-81.
14. Wu BU, Bakker OJ, Papachristou GI et al. Blood urea nitrogen in the early assessment of acute pan-creatitis: an international validation study. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(7):669–676.
15. Forsmark CE, Baillie J. AGA Institute Technical Review on Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(5): 2022–2044.
16. Gravante G, Garcea G, Ong SL, Metcalfe MS, Berry DP, Lloyd DM, et al. Prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the published evidence. Pancreatology [Internet]. IAP and EPC. Published by Elsevier India, a division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd.; 2009; 9(5): 601–614.
17. Singh VK, Wu BU, Bollen TL, Repas K, Maurer R, Johannes RS, et al. A prospective evaluation of the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis score in assessing mortality and intermediate markers of severity in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(4): 966–971.
18. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Roses DF, Fink SD, Eng K, Localio SA. Objective early identification of severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1974; 61: 443–451.
19. ImrieCW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, et al.A single-centre double- blind trial of Trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1978; 65: 337–341.
20. Larvin M. McMahon MJ. APACHE-II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis. Lancet 1989; 2: 201–205.
21. Kuo DC, Rider AC, Estrada P, Kim D, Pillow MT. Acute Pancreatitis: What’s the Score? J Emerg Med [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2015; 48(6): 762–770.
22. Brown A, James-Stevenson T, Dyson T, Grunkenmeier D. The panc 3 score: a rapid and accurate test for predicting severity on presen- tation in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 855–858.
23. Lankisch PG, Weber-Dany B, Hebel K, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. The harmless acute pancrea-titis score: a clinical al- gorithm for rapid initial stratification of nonsevere disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 702–705.
24. Hamada T, Yasunaga H, Nakai Y, et al. Japanese severity score for acute pancreatitis predicts in-hospital mortality: a nationwide survey of 17,901 cases. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1384-1391.
25. Cho JH, Kim TN, Chung HH, Kim KH. Comparison of scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(8):2387–2394.
26. Delrue LJ, De Waele JJ, Duyck PO. Acute pancreatitis: radiologic scores in predicting severity and outcome. Abdom Imaging [Internet] 2010;35(3):349–361.
27. De Sanctis JT, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, et al. Prognostic indicators in acute pancreatitis: CT vs APACHE II. Clin Radiol 1997; 11: 842–848.
28. London NJ, Neoptolemos JP, Lavelle J, Bailey I, James D. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scanning and prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis: a prospective study. Br J Surg 1989; 3: 268–272.
29. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990; 2: 331–336.
30. Kaya E, Dervisoglu A, Polat C. Evaluation of diagnostic findings and scoring systems in outcome prediction in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 22: 3090–3094.
31. Mortele KJ, Wiesner W, Intriere L, et al. A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: improved correlation with patient outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 5: 1261–1265.
32. De Waele JJ, Delrue L, Hoste EA, et al. Extrapancreatic inflammation on abdominal computed to-mography as an early predictor of disease severity in acute pancreatitis—evaluation of a new scoring system. Pancreas 2007; 2: 185–190.
33. King NK, Powell JJ, Redhead D, Siriwardena AK. A simplified method for computed tomographic estimation of prognosis in acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 4: 433–436.
34. Ueda T, Takeyama Y, Yasuda T, et al. Simple scoring system for the prediction of the prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2007; 1: 51–58.
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