POTENTIAL NEW ROLES OF LEPTIN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose-tissue specific cytokine described 20 years ago and classically thought to be involved in regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. More recently, leptin was proven to exert other multiple roles in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, reproductive system, and inflammatory and immune reactions. Emerging data propose leptin to be a modulator of bone mass. In some particular circumstances leptin synthesis follow specific patterns in inflammation and sepsis, not being proportional with fat mass. Therefore, it may be used as diagnostic or prognostic marker for critical illness.
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36. Torpy D.J., Bornstein S.R., Chrousos G.P. Leptin and interleukin-6 in sepsis. Horm Metab Res. 1998; 30(12): 726-729.
37. Marques M.B., Langouche L. Endocrine, metabolic, and morphologic alterations of adipose tissue during critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(1): 317-325.
2. Khan M., Joseph F. Adipose tissue and adipokines: the association with and application of adipokines in obesity. Scientifica 2014; doi: 10.1155/2014/328592.
3. Rodríguez A., Ezquerro S., Méndez-Giménez L., Becerril S., Frühbeck G. Revisiting the adipocyte: a model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism. Am J Physiol En-docrinol Metab. 2015; 309(8): E691-714.
4. Fasshauer M., Blüher M. Adipokines in health and disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(7):461-470.
5. Barinaga M. “Obese” protein slims mice. Science 1995; 269(5223): 475-476.
6. Allison M.B., Myers Jr. M.G. Connecting leptin signaling to biological function. J. Endocrinol. 2014; 223: T25-T35.
7. Adya R., Tan B.K., Randeva H.S. Differential effects of leptin and adiponectin in endothelial angio-genesis. J. Diabetes Res. 2015; doi: 10.1155/2015/648239
8. Park H-K., Ahima R.S. Leptin signaling. F 1000 Prime Reports 2014; 6:73, 1-8.
9. Margetic S., Gazzola C., Pegg G.G., Hill A.R. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interac-tions. Int J Obes. 2002, 26(11):1407–1433.
10. Heymsfield S.B., Greenberg A.S., Fujioka K., et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA. 1999; 282(16): 1568-1575.
11. Hukshorn CJ1, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Farid AR, Smith FJ, Campfield LA. Weekly subcutaneous pegylated recombinant native human leptin (PEG-OB) administration in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(11): 4003-4009.
12. Ravussin E., Smith S.R., Mitchell J.A. et al. Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy. Obesity 2009; 17 (9): 1736–1743.
13. Ravussin E., Swinburn B.A. Pathophysiology of obesity. The Lancet 1992; 340(8816): 404–408.
14. Leal V.D.O., Mafra D. Adipokines in obesity. Clinica Chimica Acta 2013; 419: 87–94.
15. Kershaw E.E., Flier J.S. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(6): 2548–2556.
16. Paz-Filho G., Mastronardi C.A., Licinio J. Leptin treatment: Facts and expectations. Metabolism 2015; 64: 146-156.
17. Garcia-Galiano D., Allen S.J., Elias C.F. Role of the Adipocyte-derived Hormone Leptin in Repro-ductive Control. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2014; 19(3): 141–149.
18. Chen X.X., Yang T. Roles of leptin in bone metabolism and bone diseases. J Bone Miner Metab. 2015; 33(5): 474-485.
19. Houweling P., Kulkarni R.N., Baldock P.A. Neuronal control of bone and muscle. Bone 2015; 80: 95-100.
20. Buta C., Vulpoi C., Ungureanu D., Mogos V., Branisteanu D.D. Lean body mass and leptin, but not fat mass are independent predictors of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Rev Rom Med Lab. 2012; 20 (3/4): 215-223.
21. Conde J., Scotece M., Abella V., et al. An update on leptin as immunomodulator. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014; 10(9): 1165-1170.
22. Fasshauer M., Blüher M. Adipokines in health and disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015; 36(7): 461-470.
23. Aguilar-Valles A., Inoue W., Rummel C., Luheshi G.N. Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology. 2015; 96(Pt A):124-134.
24. Balk R.A. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): where did it come from and is it still relevant today? Virulence 2014; 5(1): 20-26.
25. Kaukonen K.M., Bailey M., Pilcher D., Cooper D.J., Bellomo R. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(17): 1629-1638.
26. Bracho-Riquelme R.L., Reyes-Romero M.A. Leptin in sepsis: a well-suited biomarker in critically ill patients? Crit Care 2010; 14(2): 138.
27. Yousef A.A., Amr Y.M., Suliman G.A. The diagnostic value of serum leptin monitoring and its corre-lation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2010; 14(2): R33.
28. Gong X.Y., Zhang X.L., Zang B. Changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations in sepsis and its correlation with the severity of the disease. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2012; 24(9): 541-545.
29. Grigoras I., D.D. Branisteanu D.D., Ungureanu D., Rusu D., Ristescu I. Early dynamics of leptin plasma level in surgical critically ill patients. A prospective comparative study. Chirurgia 2014; 109(1): 66-72.
30. Maruna P., Gürlich R., Frasko R., Haluzík M. Serum leptin levels in septic men correlate well with C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-alpha but not with BMI. Physiol Res. 2001; 50(6): 589-594.
31. Langouche L, Vander Perre S, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Hansen TK, Van den Berghe G: Adiponectin, retinol-binding protein and leptin in protracted critical illness of pulmonary origin. Crit Care. 2009; 13(4): R112.
32. Behnes M., Brueckmann M., Lang S., et al. Alterations of leptin in the course of inflammation and severe sepsis. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 217.
33. Shapiro N.I., Khankin E.V., Van Meurs M., et al. Leptin exacerbates sepsis-mediated morbidity and mortality. J Immunol. 2010; 185(1): 517-524.
34. Tzanela M., Orfanos S.E., Tsirantonaki M., et al. Leptin alterations in the course of sepsis in humans. In Vivo. 2006; 20(4): 565-570.
35. Bornstein S.R., Licinio J., Tauchnitz R., et al. Plasma leptin levels are increased in survivors of acute sepsis: associated loss of diurnal rhythm, in cortisol and leptin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.1998; 83(1): 280-283.
36. Torpy D.J., Bornstein S.R., Chrousos G.P. Leptin and interleukin-6 in sepsis. Horm Metab Res. 1998; 30(12): 726-729.
37. Marques M.B., Langouche L. Endocrine, metabolic, and morphologic alterations of adipose tissue during critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(1): 317-325.
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