WHY ARE TEACHERS NOT ALWAYS WILLING TO FIGHT AGAINST CYBERBULLYING? EXPLORING THE BELIEFS, ATTITUDES AND COPING STRATEGIES OF TEACHERS IN A MULTI-COUNTRY CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Abstract
The increasing phenomenon of cyberbullying among adolescents in all countries needs preventive, educational, legal, and psycho-interventional measures. The present study aimed to identify the opinions of teachers about cyberbullying and their coping strategies. Material and methods: The study included 798 teachers from six countries (Italy, Portugal, Greece, Türkiye, Lithuania, and Romania). An online questionnaire was especially constructed for this research, gathering socio-demographic and job-related data along with information about teachers’ opinions about the cyberbullying phenomenon, about victims and perpetrators, and their most frequent behaviors and coping strategies used to deal with the problem. The questionnaire also included 3 psychometric instruments. Results: The analysis of questionnaires revealed that even if only 38.5% of the teachers took a course on cyberbullying, more than 70% of them answered that they knew how to deal with cyberbullying. In teachers’ opinions, cyberbullying occurs equally in boys and girls. The age 11-14 is the most exposed to bullying, while 15-18 is the most exposed to cyberbullying. More than 60% considered that students were responsible for bullying and cyberbullying. Age, gender, length of experience in the field of education, type of institution, and marital status influence cyberbullying perceptions and coping strategies. Conclusions: Personal beliefs and the occurrence of observed and reported incidents determine teachers’ willingness to intervene in cyberbullying. The results are important for teachers and trainers to consider the teachers’ role in analyzing both duties and barriers in fighting the cyberbullying phenomenon.
References
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13. Grigore AN, Maftei A. Exploring the Mediating Roles of State and Trait Anxiety on the Relationship between Middle Adolescents’ Cyberbullying and Depression. Children 2020; 7: 240 / doi: 10.3390/ children 7110240.
14. Altundag Y, Ayas T. Scale of Coping Strategies with Cyberbullying for Teachers: validity and reliability study. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2018; 19(S1): 84-93.
15. Olenik-Shemesh D, Heiman T, Eden S. Cyberbullying victimization in adolescence: Relationships with loneliness and depressive mood. Emotional and behavioral difficulties, 2012; 17(3-4): 361-374 / doi: 10.1080/13632752.2012.704227
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19. Fekkes MF, Pijpers IM, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Bullying: Who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research 2005; 20: 81-91 / doi: 10.1093/her/cyg100
20. Smith PK, Shu S. What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a decade of research and action. Childhood 2000; 7: 193-212 / doi: 10.1177/090756820000700.
21. Yilmaz, H. An examination of preservice teachers’ perceptions about cyberbullying. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2010; 6(4): 263-270 / doi: 10.12973 /ejmste/75248.
22. Bjereld, Y. The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim’s point of view. Journal of Health Psychology 2018; 23(8): 1110-1118.
23. Cortes, K. I. & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. To tell or not to tell: What influences children's decisions to report bullying to their teachers? School Psychology Quarterly 2014; 29: 336-348 / doi: 10.1037/spq0000078.
24. Shaw T, Campbell MA, Eastham J, Runions KC, Salmivalli C, Cross D. Telling an adult at school about bullying: Subsequent victimization and internalizing problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2019; 28(9): 2594-2605 / doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01507-4.
25. Wachs S, Bilz L, Niproschke S, Schubarth W. Bullying intervention in schools: A multilevel analysis of teachers’ success in handling bullying from the students’ perspective. The Journal of Early Adolescence 2019; 39(5): 642-668 / doi: 10.1177/02724316187804.
26. Baraldsnes D. Bullying prevention and school climate: Correlation between teacher bullying prevention efforts and their perceived school climate. International Journal of Developmental Science 2020; 14(3-4): 85-95 /doi: 10.3233/DEV-200286.
27. Li Q. Cyberbullying in schools: An examination of preservice teachers’ perception. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology 2009: 34(2). Canadian Network for Innovation in Education. Retrieved September 21st, 2022, from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/42831.
28. Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. Exploring the teachers’ cyber bullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences 2011; 3(2): 619-640.
29. Altundag, Y. and Ayas, T., Scale of Coping Strategies with Cyberbullying for Teachers: validity and reliability study/Ogretmenler icin Sanal Zorbalikla Basa Cikma Stratejileri Olcegi: Gecerlilik ve guvenilirlik calismasi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2018; 19(S1): 84-93.
30. Oldenburg B, Bosman R, Veenstra R. Are elementary school teachers prepared to tackle bullying? A pilot study. School Psychology International 2016: 37(1): 64-72.
31. Khanolainen D, Semenova E, Magnuson P. ‘Teachers see nothing’: exploring students’ and teachers’ perspectives on school bullying with a new arts-based methodology. Pedagogy, Culture & Society 2021; 29(3): 469-491.
32. Rigby K. Multi-perspectives on School Bullying: One Pair of Eyes is Not Enough, Routledge, 2021,
33. Rigby K, Bagshaw D. Prospects of adolescent students collaborating with teachers in addressing issues of bullying and conflict in schools. Educational Psychology 2003; 23(5): 535-546 / doi: 10.1080/014434 103 2000123787.
34. Yildirim A, Celikten, M, Desiatov T, Lodatko Y. The Analysis of Teachers’ Cyber Bullying, Cyber Victimization and Cyber Bullying Sensitivity Based on Various Variables. European Journal of Educational Research 2019; 8(4): 1029-1038.
35. Zhu C, Huang S, Evans R, Zhang W. Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers In Public Health 2021; 9: 634909.
36. Kaiser S, Kyrrestad H, Fossum S. Help-seeking behavior in Norwegian adolescents: the role of bullying and cyberbullying victimization in a cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology 2020; 81-90 / doi: 10.21307/sjcapp-2020-008.
37. Shaw T, Campbell MA, Eastham J, Runions KC, Salmivalli C, Cross D. Telling an adult at school about bullying: Subsequent victimization and internalizing problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2019; 28(9): 2594-2605
38. Buelga S, Pons J. Agresiones entre Adolescentes a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet. Psychosocial intervention 2012; 21(1): 91-101.
39. Oliver C, Candappa M. Bullying and the politics of “telling.” Oxford Review of Education 2007; 33(1): 71-86.
40. Elledge LC, Williford A, Boulton AJ, et al. Individual and contextual predictors of cyberbullying: the influence of children’s provictim attitudes and teachers’ ability to intervene. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 201; 42(5): 698-710 / doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-9920-x.
41. Paez, G.R., Assessing predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: the influence of individual factors, attachments, and prior victimization. International Journal of Bullying Prevention 2020; 2(2): 149-159.
42. Haddon L, Livingstone S. EU Kids online: national Perspectives 2012. Retrieved from EUKids Online. Website: http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20III/Reports/ Perspec-tives Report. pdf
43. Calmaestra J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Mero-Delgado, O, Solera, E. Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Ecuador and Spain: Prevalence and Differences in Gender, School Year and Ethnic-Cultural Background. Sustainability 2020; 12: 4597 / doi: 10.3390/su12114597.
44. Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C, Wolke D. Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005; 46(4): 1177-1181 / doi: 10.1167/iovs. 04-0597.
45. Martínez J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Zych I. Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 6199 / doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176199.
46. UNICEF ed. Children in a Digital World. New York, NY: UNICEF (2017) presented in Keeley, B. and Little, C., 2017. The State of the World’s Children 2017: Children in a Digital World. UNICEF. 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017Mesch GS. Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyber Psych Beh Soc N 2009; 12: 387-393 / doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0068.
2. Fossum S, Skokauskas N, Handegård BH, Hansen KL, Kyrrestad H. The Significance of Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Mental Health Problems for Middle School Students Feeling Unsafe in the School Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 2021; 67(5): 1-13 / doi: 10.1080/ 00313 831.2021.2006305.
3. Wang MT, Degol JL. School climate: A review of the construct, measurement, and impact on student outcomes. Educational Psychology Review 2016; 28(2): 315-352 / doi: 10.1007/s10648-015-9319-1.
4. Athanasiou K, Melegkovits E, Andrie EK, et al. Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14-17-year-old adolescents across seven European countries. BMC Public Health 2018; 18(1): 1-5 / doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5682-4.
5. Wang MT, Dishion TJ. The trajectories of adolescents’ perceptions of school climate, deviant peer affiliation, and behavioral problems during the middle school years. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2012; 22(1): 40-53 / doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00763.x
6. Gómez-Ortiz O, Apolinario C, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R. The role of family in bullying and cyberbullying involvement: Examining a new typology of parental education management based on adolescents’ view of their parents. Social Sciences. 2019; 8(1): 25.
7. Gómez-Ortiz O Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R, Del Rey R. Parenting Practices as Risk or Preventive Factors for Adolescent Involvement in Cyberbullying: Contribution of Children and Parent Gender. Int J Environ Res. Public Health 2018; 15: 2664 / doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122664.
8. Gómez-Ortiz O, Del Rey R, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R. Los estilos educativos paternos y maternos en la adolescencia y su relación con la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en acoso escolar. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology 2015; 31(3): 979-989.
9. Campisi SC, Carducci B, Akseer N, Zasowski C, Szatmari P, Bhutta ZA. Suicidal behaviours among adolescents from 90 countries: a pooled analysis of the global school-based student health survey. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1): 1-1 / doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09209-z.
10. Livingstone S, Haddon L, Görzig A, Ólafsson K. Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children: full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9–16-year-olds and their parents in 25 countries. 2011 European Community Safer Internet Plus Programme and Sonia Livingstone, 2011. Available online at EU Kids Online. Accessed on August 10th, 2022.
11. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Tippett N. An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. Research Brief No. RBX03-06. London: DfES. 2006.
12. Turliuc MN, Măirean C, Boca-Zamfir M. The relation between cyberbullying and depressive symptoms in adolescence. The moderating role of emotion regulation strategies. Computers in Human Behavior 2020; 109: 106341.
13. Grigore AN, Maftei A. Exploring the Mediating Roles of State and Trait Anxiety on the Relationship between Middle Adolescents’ Cyberbullying and Depression. Children 2020; 7: 240 / doi: 10.3390/ children 7110240.
14. Altundag Y, Ayas T. Scale of Coping Strategies with Cyberbullying for Teachers: validity and reliability study. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2018; 19(S1): 84-93.
15. Olenik-Shemesh D, Heiman T, Eden S. Cyberbullying victimization in adolescence: Relationships with loneliness and depressive mood. Emotional and behavioral difficulties, 2012; 17(3-4): 361-374 / doi: 10.1080/13632752.2012.704227
16. Şahin M. The relationship between the cyberbullying/cyber victimization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review 2012; 34(4): 834-837 / doi: 10.1016/ j.childyouth.2012.01.010.
17. Blomqvist K, Saarento‐Zaprudin S, Salmivalli C. Telling adults about one's plight as a victim of bullying: Student‐and context‐related factors predicting disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2020; 61(1): 151-159.
18. ten Bokkel IM, Stoltz E, van den Berg YH, de Castro BO, Colpin H. Speak up or stay silent: Can teacher responses towards bullying predict victimized students’ disclosure of victimization? European Journal of Developmental Psychology 2021; 18(6): 831-847.
19. Fekkes MF, Pijpers IM, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Bullying: Who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research 2005; 20: 81-91 / doi: 10.1093/her/cyg100
20. Smith PK, Shu S. What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a decade of research and action. Childhood 2000; 7: 193-212 / doi: 10.1177/090756820000700.
21. Yilmaz, H. An examination of preservice teachers’ perceptions about cyberbullying. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2010; 6(4): 263-270 / doi: 10.12973 /ejmste/75248.
22. Bjereld, Y. The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim’s point of view. Journal of Health Psychology 2018; 23(8): 1110-1118.
23. Cortes, K. I. & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. To tell or not to tell: What influences children's decisions to report bullying to their teachers? School Psychology Quarterly 2014; 29: 336-348 / doi: 10.1037/spq0000078.
24. Shaw T, Campbell MA, Eastham J, Runions KC, Salmivalli C, Cross D. Telling an adult at school about bullying: Subsequent victimization and internalizing problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2019; 28(9): 2594-2605 / doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01507-4.
25. Wachs S, Bilz L, Niproschke S, Schubarth W. Bullying intervention in schools: A multilevel analysis of teachers’ success in handling bullying from the students’ perspective. The Journal of Early Adolescence 2019; 39(5): 642-668 / doi: 10.1177/02724316187804.
26. Baraldsnes D. Bullying prevention and school climate: Correlation between teacher bullying prevention efforts and their perceived school climate. International Journal of Developmental Science 2020; 14(3-4): 85-95 /doi: 10.3233/DEV-200286.
27. Li Q. Cyberbullying in schools: An examination of preservice teachers’ perception. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology 2009: 34(2). Canadian Network for Innovation in Education. Retrieved September 21st, 2022, from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/42831.
28. Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. Exploring the teachers’ cyber bullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences 2011; 3(2): 619-640.
29. Altundag, Y. and Ayas, T., Scale of Coping Strategies with Cyberbullying for Teachers: validity and reliability study/Ogretmenler icin Sanal Zorbalikla Basa Cikma Stratejileri Olcegi: Gecerlilik ve guvenilirlik calismasi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2018; 19(S1): 84-93.
30. Oldenburg B, Bosman R, Veenstra R. Are elementary school teachers prepared to tackle bullying? A pilot study. School Psychology International 2016: 37(1): 64-72.
31. Khanolainen D, Semenova E, Magnuson P. ‘Teachers see nothing’: exploring students’ and teachers’ perspectives on school bullying with a new arts-based methodology. Pedagogy, Culture & Society 2021; 29(3): 469-491.
32. Rigby K. Multi-perspectives on School Bullying: One Pair of Eyes is Not Enough, Routledge, 2021,
33. Rigby K, Bagshaw D. Prospects of adolescent students collaborating with teachers in addressing issues of bullying and conflict in schools. Educational Psychology 2003; 23(5): 535-546 / doi: 10.1080/014434 103 2000123787.
34. Yildirim A, Celikten, M, Desiatov T, Lodatko Y. The Analysis of Teachers’ Cyber Bullying, Cyber Victimization and Cyber Bullying Sensitivity Based on Various Variables. European Journal of Educational Research 2019; 8(4): 1029-1038.
35. Zhu C, Huang S, Evans R, Zhang W. Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers In Public Health 2021; 9: 634909.
36. Kaiser S, Kyrrestad H, Fossum S. Help-seeking behavior in Norwegian adolescents: the role of bullying and cyberbullying victimization in a cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology 2020; 81-90 / doi: 10.21307/sjcapp-2020-008.
37. Shaw T, Campbell MA, Eastham J, Runions KC, Salmivalli C, Cross D. Telling an adult at school about bullying: Subsequent victimization and internalizing problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2019; 28(9): 2594-2605
38. Buelga S, Pons J. Agresiones entre Adolescentes a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet. Psychosocial intervention 2012; 21(1): 91-101.
39. Oliver C, Candappa M. Bullying and the politics of “telling.” Oxford Review of Education 2007; 33(1): 71-86.
40. Elledge LC, Williford A, Boulton AJ, et al. Individual and contextual predictors of cyberbullying: the influence of children’s provictim attitudes and teachers’ ability to intervene. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 201; 42(5): 698-710 / doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-9920-x.
41. Paez, G.R., Assessing predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: the influence of individual factors, attachments, and prior victimization. International Journal of Bullying Prevention 2020; 2(2): 149-159.
42. Haddon L, Livingstone S. EU Kids online: national Perspectives 2012. Retrieved from EUKids Online. Website: http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20III/Reports/ Perspec-tives Report. pdf
43. Calmaestra J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Mero-Delgado, O, Solera, E. Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Ecuador and Spain: Prevalence and Differences in Gender, School Year and Ethnic-Cultural Background. Sustainability 2020; 12: 4597 / doi: 10.3390/su12114597.
44. Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C, Wolke D. Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005; 46(4): 1177-1181 / doi: 10.1167/iovs. 04-0597.
45. Martínez J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Zych I. Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 6199 / doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176199.
46. UNICEF ed. Children in a Digital World. New York, NY: UNICEF (2017) presented in Keeley, B. and Little, C., 2017. The State of the World’s Children 2017: Children in a Digital World. UNICEF. 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017Mesch GS. Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyber Psych Beh Soc N 2009; 12: 387-393 / doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0068.
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2023-03-31
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