ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE – A WAY OF SMOKING CESSATION?
Abstract
Specialists have the ethical obligation to promote smoking cessation using evidence-based therapeutic strategies. In the context of the growing popularity of the electronic cigarettes (ECs), the smokers asking us about it and we must be ready to provide expert advice. With the evidence available to date we must be cautious in recommending of the smokers to use ECs for smoking cessation because these have not proven superiority over drugs used for smoking cessation approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ECs are not FDA approved, short-term safety data shows that they cause airway reactivity and health risk of exposure to ECs in the long term is unknown. Before the ECs to occupy a place in the standard clinical approaches for the treatment of tobacco addiction longer needed more data about their safety clinical and regulatory of their use.
References
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36. Brown CJ, Cheng JM. Electronic cigarettes: product characterization and design considerations. Tob Control 2014; 23(2): ii4-ii10.
37. Saitta D, Ferro GA, Polosa RM. Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5(2): 50-61.
38. US Department of Health and Human Services; How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease. The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease Fact Sheet. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General 2010.
39. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. Centers Dis Control Prev (USA), Atlanta (GA) 2014.
40. Caponnetto P, Polosa R, Russo C, Leotta C, Campagna D. Successful smoking cessation with elec-tronic cigarettes in smokers with a documented history of recurring relapses: a case series. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5: 585-589.
41. Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria JB, Papale G, Campagna D, Russo C. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 786-790.
42. Adkison SE, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(3): 207-215.
43. Goniewicz ML, Lingas EO, Hajek P. Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an Internet survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013c; 32(2): 133–140.
44. Caponnetto P, Auditore R, Russo C, Cappello GC, Polosa R. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013a; 10(2): 446–461.
45. Kotz D, Brown J, West R. ‘Real-world’ effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study. Addiction 2014; 109(3): 491–499.
46. Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation 2014; 129(19): 1972–1986.
47. Borderud SP, Li Y, Burkhalter JE, Sheffer CE, Ostroff JS. Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer 2014; 120(22): 3527-3535.
48. Trofor A, Mihăescu T, Grigoraş C. Consultaţia antitabac. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat., Iași 2001; 105(3): 599-601.
2. Zhu SH, Sun JY, Bonnevie E et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: impli-cations for product regulation. Tob Control 2014; 23(3): iii3-iii9.
3. Farsalinos K, Romagna G, Tsiapras D, Kyrzopoulos S, Voudris V. Evaluating nicotine levels selection and patterns of electronic cigarette use in a group of “vapors” who had achieved complete substitution of smoking. Subst Abuse 2013b; 7: 139–146.
4. Zhang Y, Sumner W, Chen DR. In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15(2): 501-508.
5. Bullen C. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Curr Cardiol Rep 2014; 16(11): 538-542.
6. Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 1629–1637.
7. Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Cibella F et al. EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS One 2013; 8(6): e66317-e66321.
8. WHO Possition Statement on ENDS – Trend Wave. The tobacco industry at a crossroads: cigarettes growth falters as focus falls on alternatives. Euromonitor International Report 2013: 3-7.
9. Adkison SE, O’Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control fourcountry survey. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44 (3): 207-215.
10. Bunnell RE, Agaku IT, Arrazola R et al. Intentions to smoke cigarettes among never-smoking U.S. middle and high school electronic cigarette users, National Youth Tobacco Survey 2011-2013. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17 (2): 228-235.
11. Carroll Chapman SL, Wu LT. E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 54: 43-54.
12. FDA and Public Health Experts Warn About Electronic Cigarettes. U.S. Food and Drug Admin 2009; Available at: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents /newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm173222.htm (Ac-cessed: February 15, 2015).
13. Regulation of E-Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products. U.S. Food and Drug Admin 2011; Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealth Focus/ucm252360.htm (Accessed: February 15, 2015).
14. Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014; 5(2): 67-86.
15. Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Sixth session Moscow, Russian Federation, 13–18 October, 2014.
16. Ebbert JO, Agunwamba AA, Rutten LJ. Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90(1): 128-134.
17. Oh AY, Kacker A. Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tabacco cigarettes? Review on E-cigarette vapor versus tabacco smoke. Laryngoscope 2014; 124(12): 2702-2706.
18. Pisinger C, Døssing M. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Prev Med 2014; 69C: 248-260.
19. Orr MS. Electronic cigarettes in the USA: a summary of available toxicology data and suggestions for the future. Tob Control 2014; 23(2): ii18-22. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051474.
20. Cheah NP, Chong NW, Tan J, Morsed FA, Yee SK. Electronic nicotine delivery\systems: regulatory and safety challenges: Singapore perspective. Tob Control 2014; 23(2), 119–125.
21. Hutzler C, Paschke M, Kruschinski S, Henkler F, Hahn J, Luch A. Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88(7): 1295–1308.
22. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 2014; 23(2): 133–139.
23. Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang Y, Talbot P. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34: 529–537.
24. Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Bocchietto E, Todeschi S, Esposito M, Farsalinos K. Cytotoxicity eval-uation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25: 354–361.
25. Farsalinos K, Romagna G, Allifranchini E et al. Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013a; 10: 5146–5162.
26. Behar RZ, Davis B, Wang Y, Bahl V, Lin S, Talbot P. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28 (2): 198-208.
27. Cinnamaldehyde (040506) fact sheet. Environmental Protection Agency 2000. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ reg_actions/ registration/fs_PC-040506_1-Oct-98.pdf (Accessed: February 18, 2015).
28. Franck C, Budlovsky T, Windle SB, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Electronic cigarettes in North America: history, use, and implications for smoking cessation. Circulation 2014; 129(19): 1945-1952.
29. Chen IL. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15(2): 615-616.
30. Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of electronic cigarette in real-life: a 24-month prospective observational study. Intern Emerg Med 2014; 9 (5): 537-546.
31. Evaluation of e-cigarettes. U.S. Food and Drug Admin 2009; 1-9. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/scienceresearch/ucm173250.pdf (Accessed: February 16, 2015).
32. Baeza-Loya S, Viswanath H, Carter A et al. Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy. Bull Menninger Clin 2014; 78(3): 243-252.
33. Goniewicz ML, Lee L. Electronic cigarettes are a source of Third hand exposure to nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17 (2): 256-258.
34. Chatham-Stephens K, Law R, Taylor E et al. Notes from the field: calls to poison centers for exposures to electronic cigarettese United States, September 2010-February 2014. MMWR 2014; 63(13): 292-293.
35. Mayer B. How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88(1): 5-7.
36. Brown CJ, Cheng JM. Electronic cigarettes: product characterization and design considerations. Tob Control 2014; 23(2): ii4-ii10.
37. Saitta D, Ferro GA, Polosa RM. Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5(2): 50-61.
38. US Department of Health and Human Services; How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease. The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease Fact Sheet. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General 2010.
39. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. Centers Dis Control Prev (USA), Atlanta (GA) 2014.
40. Caponnetto P, Polosa R, Russo C, Leotta C, Campagna D. Successful smoking cessation with elec-tronic cigarettes in smokers with a documented history of recurring relapses: a case series. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5: 585-589.
41. Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria JB, Papale G, Campagna D, Russo C. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 786-790.
42. Adkison SE, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(3): 207-215.
43. Goniewicz ML, Lingas EO, Hajek P. Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an Internet survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013c; 32(2): 133–140.
44. Caponnetto P, Auditore R, Russo C, Cappello GC, Polosa R. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013a; 10(2): 446–461.
45. Kotz D, Brown J, West R. ‘Real-world’ effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study. Addiction 2014; 109(3): 491–499.
46. Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation 2014; 129(19): 1972–1986.
47. Borderud SP, Li Y, Burkhalter JE, Sheffer CE, Ostroff JS. Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer 2014; 120(22): 3527-3535.
48. Trofor A, Mihăescu T, Grigoraş C. Consultaţia antitabac. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat., Iași 2001; 105(3): 599-601.
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