CONGENITAL IDIOPATHIC TALIPES EQUINOVARUS: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND TREATMENT
Keywords:
CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS, CLUBFOOT, PONSETI, FOOT DEFORMITIESAbstract
Clubfoot is a congenital malformation that has a global distribution. Despite recent advances, its etiopathogenesis still remains unknown. Although surgical treatment was preferred in the past, the actual gold standard for treatment is conservative (the Ponseti method). Nevertheless, surgery can still be an option in a small percent of cases. As clubfeet are prone to relapses, their prevention with the use of the foot abduction orthosis (FAO) is important.
References
1. McConnell L, Cosma D, Vasilescu D, Morcuende J. Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20(2): 220-224.
2. Lampasi M, Trisolino G, Abati CN, Bosco A, Marchesini Regiani L, Racano C, et al. Evolution of clubfoot deformity and muscle abnormality in the Ponseti method: evaluation with the Dimeglio score. Int Orthop 2016; 40(10): 2199-2205.
3. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE, Vasilescu D. Clasificarea piciorului stramb congenital varusequinus idiopatic. Clujul Med 2005; 78(2): 391-395.
4. Wainwright AM, Auld T, Benson MK, Theologis TN. The classification of congenital talipes equino-varus. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84(7): 1020-1024.
5. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE. A clinical evaluation of the Pirani and Dimeglio clubfoot classifications. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015; 54(4): 582-585.
6. Celebi L, Muratli HH, Aksahin E, Yagmurlu MF, Bicimoglu A. Bensahel et al. and International Clubfoot Study Group evaluation of treated clubfoot: assessment of interobserver and intraobserver reliability. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006; 15(1): 34-36.
7. Bensahel H, Kuo K, Duhaime M, International Clubfoot Study Group. Outcome evaluation of the treatment of clubfoot: the international language of clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop B 2003; 12(4): 269-271.
8. Miedzybrodzka Z. Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot): a disorder of the foot but not the hand. J Anat 2003; 202(1): 37–42.
9. Bacino AG, Hecht TJ. Etiopathogenesis of equinovarus foot malformations. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57(8): 473–479.
10. Cardy AH, Sharp L, Torrance N, Hennekam RC, Miedzybrodzka Z. Is there evidence for aetiologically distinct subgroups of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus? A case-only study and pedigree analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6(4): e17895.
11. Ponseti IV. Congenital clubfoot: fundamentals of treatment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
12. Barker S, Chesney D, Miedzybrodzka Z, Maffulli N. Genetics and epidemiology of idiopathic con-genital talipes equinovarus. J Pediatr Orthop 2003; 23(2): 265-272.
13. Chapman C, Stott N, Port RV, Nicol R. Genetics of club foot in Maori and Pacific people. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000; 37(9): 680-683.
14. Carey M, Bower C, Mylvaganam A, Rouse I. Talipes equinovarus in Western Australia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17(2): 187-194.
15. Windisch G, Anderhuber F, Haldi-Brändle V, Exner GU. Anatomical study for an update comprehen-sion of clubfoot. Part I: bones and joints. J Child Orthop. 2007; 1(1): 69-77.
16. Windisch G, Anderhuber F, Haldi-Brändle V, Exner GU. Anatomical study for an update comprehen-sion of clubfoot. Part II: ligaments, tendons and muscles. J Child Orthop 2007; 1(1): 79-85.
17. Nadeem RD, Brown JK, Lawson G, Macnicol MF. Somatosensory evoked potentials as a means of assessing neurological abnormality in congenital talipes equino varus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42(8): 525-530.
18. Yoshioka S, Huisman NJ, Morcuende JA. Peroneal nerve dysfunction in patients with complex club-foot. Iowa Orthop J 2010; 30: 24-28.
19. Kammoun F, Tanguy A, Boesplug-Tanguy O, Bensahel H, Khouri N, Landrieu P. Club feet with congenital perisilvyan polymicrogyria possibly due to bifocal ischemic damage of the neuraxis in utero. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 126A(2): 191-196.
20. Merrill LJ, Gurnett CA, Siegel M, Sonavane S, Dobbs MB. Vascular abnormalities correlate with decreased soft tissue volumes in idiopathic clubfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469(5): 1442-1449.
21. Dodwell E, Risoe P, Wright J. Factors associated with increased risk of clubfoot: a Norwegian national cohort analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2015; 35(8): e104-109.
22. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Moore CA. Family history, maternal smoking and clubfoot: an indication of a gene-environment interaction. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152(7): 658-665.
23. Philip J, Silver RK, Wilson RD, Thom EA, Zachary JM, Mohide P, et al. Late first-trimester invasive prenatal diagnosis: results of an international randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103(6): 1164-1173.
24. Bar-On E, Mashiach R, Inbar O, Weigl D, Katz K, Meizner I. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of club foot: outcome and recommendations for counselling and follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87(7): 990-993.
25. Ippolito E, Fraracci L, Farsetti P, De Maio F. Validity of the anteroposterior talocalcaneal angle to assess congenital clubfoot correction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182(5): 1279-1282.
26. Radler C, Manner HM, Suda R, Burghardt R, Herzenberg JE, Ganger R, et al. Radiographic evaluation of idiopathic clubfeet undergoing Ponseti treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89(6): 1177-1183.
27. Dobbs MB, Rudzki JR, Purcell DB, Walton T, Porter KR, Gurnett CA. Factors predictive of outcome after use of the Ponseti method for the treatment of idiopathic clubfeet. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A(1): 22-27.
28. Zhao D, Liu J, Zhao L, Wu Z. Relapse of Clubfoot after Treatment with the Ponseti Method and the Function of the foot abduction orthosis. Clin Orthop Surg 2014; 6(3): 245-252.
29. El-Deeb KH, Ghoneim AS, El-Adwar KL, Khalil AA. Is it hazardous or mandatory to release the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament in clubfoot surgery? A preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop 2007; 27(5): 517-521.
30. Deniz G, Bombaci H, Tuygun H, Gorgec M, Kose O, Yanik HS. Long-term results of extensive surgical dissection in the treatment of congenital clubfoot. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2008; 42(1): 44-52.
31. Kaewpornsawan K, Khuntisuk S, Jatunarapit R. Comparison of modified posteromedial release and complete subtalar release in resistant congenital clubfoot: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90(5): 936-41.
32. van Gelder JH, van Ruiten AG, Visser JD, Maathuis PG. Long-term results of the posteromedial release in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 2010; 30(7): 700-704.
33. Symeonidis P, Christodoulou A, Mareti E, Eleftherochorinou A, Gkourani S, Mbeslikas T, et al. Patient-Based Long-Term Results of the Surgical Treatment of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus. Foot Ankle Spec 2016; 9(3): 258-264.
34. Morcuende JA, Dolan LA, Dietz FR, Ponseti IV. Radical reduction in the rate of extensive corrective surgery for clubfoot using the Ponseti method. Pediatrics 2004; 113(2): 376-380.
35. Colburn M, Williams M. Evaluation of the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot by using the Ponseti method. J Foot Ankle Surg 2003; 42(5): 259-267.
36. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE, Negreanu I, Vasilescu D. Rezultatele preliminare ale metodei Ponseti in tratamentul piciorului stramb congenital varusequinus idiopatic. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005; 109(1): 110-114.
37. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE. Ponseti treatment for clubfoot in Romania: a 9-year single-centre experience. J Pediatr Orthop B 2014; 23(6): 512-516.
38. Church C, Coplan JA, Poljak D, Thabet AM, Kowtharapu D, Lennon N, et al. A comprehensive outcome comparison of surgical and Ponseti clubfoot treatments with reference to pediatric norms. J Child Orthop 2012; 6(1): 51–59.
39. Kuo KN, Smith PA. Correcting Residual Deformity Following Clubfoot Releases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009; 467(5): 1326-1333.
40. Holt JB, Oji DE, Yack HJ, Morcuende JA. Long-Term results of tibialis anterior tendon transfer for relapsed idiopathic clubfoot treated with the Ponseti method a follow-up of thirty-seven to fifty-five years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015; 97(1): 47-55.
41. Ponseti IV. Relapsing Clubfoot: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment. Iowa Orthop J. 2002; 22: 55–56.
42. Halanski MA, Davison JE, Huang JC, Walker CG, Walsh SJ, Crawford HA. Ponseti method com-pared with surgical treatment of clubfoot: a prospective comparison. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92(2): 270-278.
43. Herzenberg JE, Radler C, Bor N. Ponseti versus traditional methods of casting for idiopathic clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22(4): 517–521.
44. Willis RB, Al-Hunaishel M, Guerra L, Kontio K. What Proportion of Patients Need Extensive Surgery After Failure of the Ponseti Technique for Clubfoot? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467(5): 1294-1297.
2. Lampasi M, Trisolino G, Abati CN, Bosco A, Marchesini Regiani L, Racano C, et al. Evolution of clubfoot deformity and muscle abnormality in the Ponseti method: evaluation with the Dimeglio score. Int Orthop 2016; 40(10): 2199-2205.
3. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE, Vasilescu D. Clasificarea piciorului stramb congenital varusequinus idiopatic. Clujul Med 2005; 78(2): 391-395.
4. Wainwright AM, Auld T, Benson MK, Theologis TN. The classification of congenital talipes equino-varus. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84(7): 1020-1024.
5. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE. A clinical evaluation of the Pirani and Dimeglio clubfoot classifications. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015; 54(4): 582-585.
6. Celebi L, Muratli HH, Aksahin E, Yagmurlu MF, Bicimoglu A. Bensahel et al. and International Clubfoot Study Group evaluation of treated clubfoot: assessment of interobserver and intraobserver reliability. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006; 15(1): 34-36.
7. Bensahel H, Kuo K, Duhaime M, International Clubfoot Study Group. Outcome evaluation of the treatment of clubfoot: the international language of clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop B 2003; 12(4): 269-271.
8. Miedzybrodzka Z. Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot): a disorder of the foot but not the hand. J Anat 2003; 202(1): 37–42.
9. Bacino AG, Hecht TJ. Etiopathogenesis of equinovarus foot malformations. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57(8): 473–479.
10. Cardy AH, Sharp L, Torrance N, Hennekam RC, Miedzybrodzka Z. Is there evidence for aetiologically distinct subgroups of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus? A case-only study and pedigree analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6(4): e17895.
11. Ponseti IV. Congenital clubfoot: fundamentals of treatment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
12. Barker S, Chesney D, Miedzybrodzka Z, Maffulli N. Genetics and epidemiology of idiopathic con-genital talipes equinovarus. J Pediatr Orthop 2003; 23(2): 265-272.
13. Chapman C, Stott N, Port RV, Nicol R. Genetics of club foot in Maori and Pacific people. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000; 37(9): 680-683.
14. Carey M, Bower C, Mylvaganam A, Rouse I. Talipes equinovarus in Western Australia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17(2): 187-194.
15. Windisch G, Anderhuber F, Haldi-Brändle V, Exner GU. Anatomical study for an update comprehen-sion of clubfoot. Part I: bones and joints. J Child Orthop. 2007; 1(1): 69-77.
16. Windisch G, Anderhuber F, Haldi-Brändle V, Exner GU. Anatomical study for an update comprehen-sion of clubfoot. Part II: ligaments, tendons and muscles. J Child Orthop 2007; 1(1): 79-85.
17. Nadeem RD, Brown JK, Lawson G, Macnicol MF. Somatosensory evoked potentials as a means of assessing neurological abnormality in congenital talipes equino varus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42(8): 525-530.
18. Yoshioka S, Huisman NJ, Morcuende JA. Peroneal nerve dysfunction in patients with complex club-foot. Iowa Orthop J 2010; 30: 24-28.
19. Kammoun F, Tanguy A, Boesplug-Tanguy O, Bensahel H, Khouri N, Landrieu P. Club feet with congenital perisilvyan polymicrogyria possibly due to bifocal ischemic damage of the neuraxis in utero. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 126A(2): 191-196.
20. Merrill LJ, Gurnett CA, Siegel M, Sonavane S, Dobbs MB. Vascular abnormalities correlate with decreased soft tissue volumes in idiopathic clubfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469(5): 1442-1449.
21. Dodwell E, Risoe P, Wright J. Factors associated with increased risk of clubfoot: a Norwegian national cohort analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2015; 35(8): e104-109.
22. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Moore CA. Family history, maternal smoking and clubfoot: an indication of a gene-environment interaction. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152(7): 658-665.
23. Philip J, Silver RK, Wilson RD, Thom EA, Zachary JM, Mohide P, et al. Late first-trimester invasive prenatal diagnosis: results of an international randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103(6): 1164-1173.
24. Bar-On E, Mashiach R, Inbar O, Weigl D, Katz K, Meizner I. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of club foot: outcome and recommendations for counselling and follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87(7): 990-993.
25. Ippolito E, Fraracci L, Farsetti P, De Maio F. Validity of the anteroposterior talocalcaneal angle to assess congenital clubfoot correction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182(5): 1279-1282.
26. Radler C, Manner HM, Suda R, Burghardt R, Herzenberg JE, Ganger R, et al. Radiographic evaluation of idiopathic clubfeet undergoing Ponseti treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89(6): 1177-1183.
27. Dobbs MB, Rudzki JR, Purcell DB, Walton T, Porter KR, Gurnett CA. Factors predictive of outcome after use of the Ponseti method for the treatment of idiopathic clubfeet. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A(1): 22-27.
28. Zhao D, Liu J, Zhao L, Wu Z. Relapse of Clubfoot after Treatment with the Ponseti Method and the Function of the foot abduction orthosis. Clin Orthop Surg 2014; 6(3): 245-252.
29. El-Deeb KH, Ghoneim AS, El-Adwar KL, Khalil AA. Is it hazardous or mandatory to release the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament in clubfoot surgery? A preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop 2007; 27(5): 517-521.
30. Deniz G, Bombaci H, Tuygun H, Gorgec M, Kose O, Yanik HS. Long-term results of extensive surgical dissection in the treatment of congenital clubfoot. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2008; 42(1): 44-52.
31. Kaewpornsawan K, Khuntisuk S, Jatunarapit R. Comparison of modified posteromedial release and complete subtalar release in resistant congenital clubfoot: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90(5): 936-41.
32. van Gelder JH, van Ruiten AG, Visser JD, Maathuis PG. Long-term results of the posteromedial release in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 2010; 30(7): 700-704.
33. Symeonidis P, Christodoulou A, Mareti E, Eleftherochorinou A, Gkourani S, Mbeslikas T, et al. Patient-Based Long-Term Results of the Surgical Treatment of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus. Foot Ankle Spec 2016; 9(3): 258-264.
34. Morcuende JA, Dolan LA, Dietz FR, Ponseti IV. Radical reduction in the rate of extensive corrective surgery for clubfoot using the Ponseti method. Pediatrics 2004; 113(2): 376-380.
35. Colburn M, Williams M. Evaluation of the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot by using the Ponseti method. J Foot Ankle Surg 2003; 42(5): 259-267.
36. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE, Negreanu I, Vasilescu D. Rezultatele preliminare ale metodei Ponseti in tratamentul piciorului stramb congenital varusequinus idiopatic. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005; 109(1): 110-114.
37. Cosma D, Vasilescu DE. Ponseti treatment for clubfoot in Romania: a 9-year single-centre experience. J Pediatr Orthop B 2014; 23(6): 512-516.
38. Church C, Coplan JA, Poljak D, Thabet AM, Kowtharapu D, Lennon N, et al. A comprehensive outcome comparison of surgical and Ponseti clubfoot treatments with reference to pediatric norms. J Child Orthop 2012; 6(1): 51–59.
39. Kuo KN, Smith PA. Correcting Residual Deformity Following Clubfoot Releases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009; 467(5): 1326-1333.
40. Holt JB, Oji DE, Yack HJ, Morcuende JA. Long-Term results of tibialis anterior tendon transfer for relapsed idiopathic clubfoot treated with the Ponseti method a follow-up of thirty-seven to fifty-five years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015; 97(1): 47-55.
41. Ponseti IV. Relapsing Clubfoot: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment. Iowa Orthop J. 2002; 22: 55–56.
42. Halanski MA, Davison JE, Huang JC, Walker CG, Walsh SJ, Crawford HA. Ponseti method com-pared with surgical treatment of clubfoot: a prospective comparison. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92(2): 270-278.
43. Herzenberg JE, Radler C, Bor N. Ponseti versus traditional methods of casting for idiopathic clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22(4): 517–521.
44. Willis RB, Al-Hunaishel M, Guerra L, Kontio K. What Proportion of Patients Need Extensive Surgery After Failure of the Ponseti Technique for Clubfoot? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467(5): 1294-1297.
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