BIPOLAR DISORDER, NOT SO RARE DIAGNOSIS: SUBTYPES OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF SEVERITY, DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY

Authors

  • Ioana Cristina AMIHAESEI University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” – Iaşi

Abstract

Bipolar disorder is manifesting as a mood disorder, typically showing episodes of mania, alternating with depressive episodes. The subtypes are including bipolar I disorder (one or several manic episodes) and bipolar II disorder (hypomanic episodes and one or several major depressive episodes). Nevertheless, sub-threshold diagnosis criteria may include another 5.1, up to 6.4 % of the population as having a bipolar spectrum disorder diagnosis. Anyone who received the diagnosis is not considered cured afterwards (just in remission). Diagnosis is considering the symptoms of mania, hypomania and depression. Therapy is based on lithium, anticonvulsants, for the manic symptoms, lamotrigine for the depressive episodes and antipsychotics. Under medication, most of the affected subjects are living a normal life; to a certain degree, medication may also prevent the relapses.

Author Biography

  • Ioana Cristina AMIHAESEI, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” – Iaşi

    Faculty of Medicine
    Discipline of Histology

References

1. Sedler MJ. Fairet’s discovery. The origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Am J Psychiatry, 1983,140 (9): 1127-1133.
2. Which came first, the condition or the drug ? London Review of Books, october 2010, 32(19): 31-33.
3. Ketter TA. Diagnostic features, prevalence, and impact of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 2010, 71(6): 14-16.
4. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM. Lifetime and 12-Month Preva-lence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psych, 2007, 64(5): 543-552.
5. Novick DM, Swartz HA., Frank E. Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disord, 2010, 12(1): 1-9.
6. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. The DSM-IV and ICD – 10 categories of recurrent (major) depressive and bipolar II disorders. Evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum. J Affect Disord, 2006, 92(1): 45-54.
7. Bowden CL. Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 2001, 52(1): 51-55.
8. Furukawa TA. Assesment of mood: Guides for clinicians. J Psychosom Res, 2010, 68(6): 581-589.
9. Srivastava S, Ketter TA. The Link Between Bipolar Disorders and Creativity: Evidence from Person-ality and Temperament Studies. Curr Psych Rep, 12(6): 522-530.
10. Kato T. Molecular genetic of bipolar disorder and depression. Psych Clin Neurosc, 2007, 61(1): 3-19.
11. Andreoli TE. Molecular aspects of endocrinology. Hosp Practice (Office ed.), 1989, 24(8): 11-12.
12. Sood AB, Razdan A, Weller EB, Weller RA. How to differentiate bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other common psychiatric disorders: A guide for clinicians. Curr Psych Rep, 2005, 7(2): 98-103.
13. Mansell W, Pedley R. The ascent into mania: A review of psychological processes associated with the development of manic symptoms. Clin Psych Rev, 2008, 28(3): 494-520.
14. Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2013, 346(27): 3646.
15. MacRitchie K, Geddes J, Scott J, Haslam DR. Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder.In Reid, Keith. Cochrane Database of Sistematic Reviews, 2003, online (1): CD004052.
16. Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM. Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: Independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomized trials. Br J Psych, 2008, 194(1): 4-9.
17. Geddes JR, Miklowitz DJ. Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet, 2013, 11, 381(9878): 1672-1682.
18. Tohen M, Zarate Jr CA, Hennar J, Khalsa HM. The McLean-Harvard First Episode Mania Study: Prediction of recovery and first recurrence. Am J Psych, 2003, 160(12): 2099-2107.

Additional Files

Published

2018-05-14

Issue

Vol. 118 No. 1 (2014): The Medical-Surgical Journal

Section

BASIC SCIENCES

License

COPYRIGHT 
Once an article is accepted for publication, MSJ requests a transfer of copyrights for published articles.

COPYRIGHT TRANSFER FORM FOR 

REVISTA MEDICO-CHIRURGICALĂ A SOCIETĂȚII DE MEDICI ȘI NATURALIȘTI DIN IAȘI /

THE MEDICAL-SURGICAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF PHYSICIANS AND NATURALISTS FROM IASI

We, the undersigned authors of the manuscript entitled

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

warrant that this manuscript, which is submitted for publication in the REVISTA MEDICO-CHIRURGICALĂ, has not been published and it is not under consideration for publication in another journal.

  1. we give the consent for publication in the REVISTA MEDICO-CHIRURGICALĂ, in printed and electronic format and we transfer unconditioned and complete the copyright of this manuscript to the REVISTA MEDICO-CHIRURGICALĂ, in the event of its acceptance.
  2. the manuscript does not break the intellectual property rights of any other person.
  3. we have read the submitted version of the manuscript and we are fully responsible for the content.

Names and signatures of authors / copyright owners (the following sequence is the authorship of the article):

  1. ______________________________/_________________________
  2. ______________________________/_________________________
  3. ______________________________/_________________________

N.B.  All the authors must sign this form